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The 4–20 mA convention was born in the 1950s out of the earlier highly successful 3–15 psi pneumatic control signal standard, when electronics became cheap and reliable enough to emulate the older standard electrically. The 3–15 psi standard had the same features of being able to power some remote devices, and have a "live" zero.
A digital current loop uses the absence of current for high (space or break), and the presence of current in the loop for low (mark). [1] This is done to ensure that on normal conditions there is always current flowing and in the event of a line being cut the flow stops indefinitely, immediately raising the alarm of the event usually as the heavy noise of the teleprinter not being synchronized ...
The HART Communication Protocol (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) is a hybrid analog+digital industrial automation open protocol. Its most notable advantage is that it can communicate over legacy 4–20 mA analog instrumentation current loops, sharing the pair of wires used by the analog-only host systems.
In electronics, a transimpedance amplifier (TIA) is a current to voltage converter, almost exclusively implemented with one or more operational amplifiers. The TIA can be used to amplify [ 1 ] the current output of Geiger–Müller tubes , photo multiplier tubes, accelerometers , photo detectors and other types of sensors to a usable voltage.
An analog signal to discrete time interval converter (ASDTIC) is a specialized kind of an analog-to-digital converter, which converts the analog input signal (e.g. voltage or current) to time intervals between pulses. This conversion is a type of Pulse-width modulation (PWM). The origin of the term ASDTIC lies with NASA around 1970. [1]
Craigslist headquarters in the Inner Sunset District of San Francisco prior to 2010. The site serves more than 20 billion [17] page views per month, putting it in 72nd place overall among websites worldwide and 11th place overall among websites in the United States (per Alexa.com on June 28, 2016), with more than 49.4 million unique monthly visitors in the United States alone (per Compete.com ...
A frequency changer or frequency converter is an electronic or electromechanical device that converts alternating current of one frequency to alternating current of another frequency. The device may also change the voltage , but if it does, that is incidental to its principal purpose, since voltage conversion of alternating current is much ...
BUCs used in remote locations are often 2 or 4 W in the K u band and 5 W in the C band. The 10 MHz reference frequency is usually sent on the same feedline as the main carrier. Many smaller BUCs also get their direct current (DC) over the feedline, using an internal DC block. BUCs are generally used in conjunction with low-noise block ...