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The microscopic identification takes around 1–2 hours after specimen arrival in the laboratory. [ 4 ] The gold standard of diagnosis is microbiological isolation of N. meningitidis by growth from a sterile body fluid, which could be CSF or blood. [ 7 ]
Although meningitis is a notifiable disease in many countries, the exact incidence rate is unknown. [22] In 2013 meningitis resulted in 303,000 deaths – down from 464,000 deaths in 1990. [86] In 2010 it was estimated that meningitis resulted in 420,000 deaths, [87] excluding cryptococcal meningitis. [42]
Meningococcal meningitis is a form of bacterial meningitis. Meningitis is a disease caused by inflammation and irritation of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. In meningococcal meningitis this is caused by the bacteria invading the cerebrospinal fluid and circulating through the central nervous system. Sub ...
Initial invasion through the lining of the brain, the meninges, may cause a typical inflammation of the meninges and a classic meningitis picture of headache, stiff neck, and often fever. The parasites subsequently invade deeper into the brain tissue, causing specific localizing neurological symptoms depending on where in the brain parenchyma ...
It was recommended in 2000 that cryptococcal meningitis be treated for two weeks with intravenous amphotericin B 0.7–1.0 mg/kg per day and oral flucytosine 100 mg/kg per day (or intravenous flucytosine 75 mg/kg per day [citation needed] day if the patient is unable to swallow), followed by oral fluconazole 400–800 mg daily for ten weeks [3 ...
Due to its frequent pathogenicity, causing meningitis in newborns (acquired transvaginally), pregnant women are often advised not to eat soft cheeses such as Brie, Camembert, feta, and queso blanco fresco, which may be contaminated with and permit growth of L. monocytogenes. [8] It is the third most common cause of meningitis in newborns.
Important human diseases caused by coccoid bacteria include staphylococcal infections, some types of food poisoning, some urinary tract infections, toxic shock syndrome, gonorrhea, as well as some forms of meningitis, throat infections, pneumonias, and sinusitis.
Listeriosis may manifest as meningitis, and can affect newborns due to its ability to penetrate the endothelial layer of the placenta. [33] Listeria uses the cellular machinery to move around inside the host cell. It induces directed polymerization of actin by the ActA transmembrane protein, thus pushing the bacterial cell around. [35]