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It is used to solve systems of linear differential equations. In the theory of Lie groups, the matrix exponential gives the exponential map between a matrix Lie algebra and the corresponding Lie group. Let X be an n × n real or complex matrix. The exponential of X, denoted by e X or exp(X), is the n × n matrix given by the power series = =!
In mathematics, the Fibonacci sequence is a sequence in which each element is the sum of the two elements that precede it. Numbers that are part of the Fibonacci sequence are known as Fibonacci numbers, commonly denoted F n .
An example is 47, because the Fibonacci sequence starting with 4 and 7 (4, 7, 11, 18, 29, 47) reaches 47. A repfigit can be a tribonacci sequence if there are 3 digits in the number, a tetranacci number if the number has four digits, etc.
Graphs of functions commonly used in the analysis of algorithms, showing the number of operations versus input size for each function. The following tables list the computational complexity of various algorithms for common mathematical operations.
A famous example is the recurrence for the Fibonacci numbers, = + where the order is two and the linear function merely adds the two previous terms. This example is a linear recurrence with constant coefficients , because the coefficients of the linear function (1 and 1) are constants that do not depend on n . {\displaystyle n.}
The Brahmagupta–Fibonacci identity is a special form of Lagrange's identity, which is itself a special form of Binet–Cauchy identity, in turn a special form of the Cauchy–Binet formula for matrix determinants.
The coefficients of the Fibonacci polynomials can be read off from a left-justified Pascal's triangle following the diagonals (shown in red). The sums of the coefficients are the Fibonacci numbers. If F ( n , k ) is the coefficient of x k in F n ( x ), namely
We also note that the same shifted generating function technique applied to the second-order recurrence for the Fibonacci numbers is the prototypical example of using generating functions to solve recurrence relations in one variable already covered, or at least hinted at, in the subsection on rational functions given above.