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The lingering effect of the volcanic winter of 536 was augmented in 539–540, when another volcanic eruption caused summer temperatures to decline as much as 2.7 °C (4.9 °F) below normal in Europe. [2] There is evidence of still another volcanic eruption in 547 which would have extended the cool period.
This theory proposes that the impact itself instigated the most intense period of Deccan eruptions, both of which had devastating effects contributing to the K-Pg extinction. [14] [21] [20] Renne and Richards calculated that the Chixculub impact was capable of producing seismic activity strong enough to initiate volcanic eruptions.
The eruptions continued for roughly two million years and spanned the Permian–Triassic boundary, or P–T boundary, which occurred around 251.9 million years ago. The Siberian Traps are believed to be the primary cause of the Permian–Triassic extinction event , the most severe extinction event in the geologic record.
Large eruptions can affect atmospheric temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the Sun and cool Earth's troposphere. Historically, large volcanic eruptions have been followed by volcanic winters which have caused catastrophic famines. [7] Other planets besides Earth have volcanoes. For example, volcanoes are very numerous on ...
The conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid, which condenses rapidly in the stratosphere to form fine sulfate aerosols. A volcanic winter is a reduction in global temperatures caused by droplets of sulfuric acid obscuring the Sun and raising Earth's albedo (increasing the reflection of solar radiation) after a large, sulfur-rich, particularly explosive volcanic eruption.
On June 15, 1991, a rumbling Mount Pinatubo grew and grew until it exploded in the biggest volcanic eruption on Earth in 100 years. Super-pressurized, gas-charged magma burst through and a cloud ...
The volcanic cooling signals in ocean heat content can persist for much longer time (decadal or mutil-decadal time scale), far beyond the duration of volcanic forcing. [2] [7] Several studies have revealed that Krakatau’s effect in the heat content can be as long as one-century.
Phenomena associated with igneous activity. Geysers and hot springs; Bradyseism; Volcanic eruption; Earth's magnetic field; Exogenic phenomena Slope phenomena Slump; Landslide; Weathering phenomena Erosion; Glacial and peri-glacial phenomena Glaciation; Moraines; Hanging valleys; Atmospheric phenomena; Impact phenomena Impact crater; Coupled ...