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Atomoxetine is approved for use in children, adolescents, and adults. [5] However, its efficacy has not been studied in children under six years old. [8] One of the primary differences with the standard stimulant treatments for ADHD is that it has little known abuse potential. [8]
The bioavailability of atomoxetine after oral administration is 63-94%, it is dependent on individual differences in the first-pass metabolism. [18] Atomoxetine is widely distributed and is highly (98%) bound to plasma proteins, mainly albumin. The volume of distribution for atomoxetine is 0.85 L/kg, with limited partitioning into red blood ...
The drug is also under investigation as an antidepressant and for the treatment of neuropathic pain. It is related in chemical structure to venlafaxine. Due to being an opioid, there is risk of abuse and addiction, but it does have less abuse potential, respiratory depression, and constipation compared to other opioids (hydrocodone, oxycodone ...
There are other trade name medications like Strattera, made from atomoxetine, and Qelbree, made from viloxazine, that are not controlled substances and work differently than Adderall and Concerta ...
Meanwhile, the overdose death rate for psychostimulants with abuse potential, which includes methamphetamine, increased from 10.4 deaths per 100,000 in 2022 to 10.6 deaths in 2023.
Atomoxetine, [85] viloxazine, guanfacine, and clonidine are drugs approved for the treatment of ADHD that have been classified as "non-stimulant". Based on a recent systematic literature review of diverse ADHD treatment modalities, no differences were found between stimulants and non-stimulants in their effectiveness in treating ADHD symptoms. [1]
Norepinephrine Epinephrine. A norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI, NERI) or noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor or adrenergic reuptake inhibitor (ARI), is a type of drug that acts as a reuptake inhibitor for the neurotransmitters norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) by blocking the action of the norepinephrine transporter (NET).
Antipsychotic abuse refers to the non-medical or inappropriate use of antipsychotic medications for purposes other than their intended therapeutic use. Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics, are a class of medications primarily used in treating psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia , bipolar disorder , and certain types of depression .