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A foil is an architectural device based on a symmetrical rendering of leaf shapes, defined by overlapping circles of the same diameter that produce a series of cusps to make a lobe. Typically, the number of cusps can be three ( trefoil ), four ( quatrefoil ), five (cinquefoil [ 1 ] ), or a larger number (multifoil). [ 2 ]
The dolphin flipper at bottom left obeys the same principles in a different fluid medium; it is an example of a hydrofoil. Streamlines on an airfoil visualised with a smoke wind tunnel An airfoil ( American English ) or aerofoil ( British English ) is a streamlined body that is capable of generating significantly more lift than drag . [ 1 ]
A foil generates lift primarily because of its shape and angle of attack. When oriented at a suitable angle, the foil deflects the oncoming fluid, resulting in a force on the foil in the direction opposite to the deflection. This force can be resolved into two components: lift and drag. This "turning" of the fluid in the vicinity of the foil ...
Design theory is a subfield of design research concerned with various theoretical approaches towards understanding and delineating design principles, design knowledge, and design practice. History [ edit ]
The engineering design process, also known as the engineering method, is a common series of steps that engineers use in creating functional products and processes. The process is highly iterative – parts of the process often need to be repeated many times before another can be entered – though the part(s) that get iterated and the number of such cycles in any given project may vary.
César Pelli's Ratner Athletic Center uses cables and masts as load-bearing devices. Architectural engineering or architecture engineering, also known as building engineering, is a discipline that deals with the engineering and construction of buildings, such as environmental, structural, mechanical, electrical, computational, embeddable, and other research domains.
A "Conference on Systematic and Intuitive Methods in Engineering, Industrial Design, Architecture and Communications", held in London in 1962 [4] is regarded as a key event marking the beginning of what became known within design studies as the "design methods movement", leading to the founding of the Design Research Society and influencing ...
The designers had faced an engineering phenomenon that limits the top speed of even modern hydrofoils: cavitation disturbs the lift created by the foils as they move through the water at speed above 60 kn (110 km/h; 69 mph), bending the lifting foil. [11] A schematic illustration of self-stabilizing systems for fully submerged hydrofoils.