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Ogham (also ogam and ogom, [4] / ˈ ɒ ɡ əm / OG-əm, [5] Modern Irish: [ˈoː(ə)mˠ]; Middle Irish: ogum, ogom, later ogam [ˈɔɣəmˠ] [6] [7]) is an Early Medieval alphabet used primarily to write the early Irish language (in the "orthodox" inscriptions, 4th to 6th centuries AD), and later the Old Irish language (scholastic ogham, 6th to 9th centuries).
In early Irish literature, a Bríatharogam ("word ogham", plural Bríatharogaim) is a two-word kenning which explains the meanings of the names of the letters of the Ogham alphabet. Three variant lists of bríatharogaim or "word-oghams" have been preserved, dating to the Old Irish period. They are as follows: Bríatharogam Morainn mac Moín
Ogham itself is an Early Medieval form of alphabet or cipher, sometimes also known as the "Celtic Tree Alphabet". A number of different numbering schemes are used. The most common is after R. A. S. Macalister's Corpus Inscriptionum Insularum Celticarum (CIIC). This covers the inscriptions which were known by the 1940s.
The five "aicme" forfeda are glossed in the manuscripts Auraicept na n-Éces ('The Scholars' Primer), De dúilib feda ('Elements of the Letters') and In Lebor Ogaim ('The Book of Ogam'), by several Bríatharogaim ("word oghams"), or two word kennings, which explain the meanings of the names of the letters of the Ogham alphabet.
Ogham is a Unicode block containing characters for representing Primitive Irish language inscriptions as codified in the Ogham script. Ogham [1] [2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
This alphabet is named after Briciu, the satirical poet in the court of the Ulster king Conchubar Mac Neasa, famed for his wicked tongue and skill in fomenting trouble. The twenty standard letters of the Ogham alphabet and six forfeda. This is the vertical writing of Ogham; in the horizontal form, the right side would face downward.
A' maidin neochiontas na h-óige (Uilleam MacDhunléibhe, 19th century). The alphabet (Scottish Gaelic: aibidil, formerly Beith Luis Nuin from the first three letters of the Ogham alphabet) now used for writing Scottish Gaelic consists of the following Latin script letters, whether written in Roman type or Gaelic type:
In the medieval kennings, called Bríatharogaim or Word Ogham the verses associated with Muin are: [2] tressam fedmae - "strongest in exertion" in the Bríatharogam Morann mic Moín; árusc n-airlig - "proverb of slaughter" in the Bríatharogam Mac ind Óc; conar gotha - "path of the voice" in the Bríatharogam Con Culainn.