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[1] [2] [3] The word theft is also used as a synonym or informal shorthand term for some crimes against property, such as larceny, robbery, [1] embezzlement, extortion, blackmail, or receiving stolen property. [2] In some jurisdictions, theft is considered to be synonymous with larceny, [4] [5] while in others, theft is defined more narrowly. [6]
The penalty for non-manifest theft was always double damages. [32] By the classical period, physical punishment had been abandoned for manifest theft and Gaius records merely four-times damages, introduced by the praetor. This meant, somewhat strangely, that a praetorian action could be more serious than a civil action, which was unusual. [27]
Larceny is a crime involving the unlawful taking or theft of the personal property of another person or business. It was an offence under the common law of England and became an offence in jurisdictions which incorporated the common law of England into their own law (also statutory law), where in many cases it remains in force.
Theft of cash is most common, over everything else, followed by vehicle parts, clothing, and tools. [2] In 2005, only 18% of reported cases of larceny/theft were cleared in the United States. [6] Shoplifting is a specific type of theft, with products taken from retail shops without paying.
In the Islamic legal system called Sharia, hudud ("limits" or "restrictions") calls for sariqa ("theft") to be punished by amputation of the thief's right hand. This punishment is categorized as hadd, meaning a punishment that restrains or prevents further crime. Sariqa is interpreted differently in different countries and by different scholars ...
Force used after the theft is complete will not turn the theft into a robbery. The words "or immediately after" that appeared in section 23(1)(b) of the Larceny Act 1916 were deliberately omitted from section 8(1). [11] The book Archbold said that the facts in R v Harman, [12] which did not amount to robbery in 1620, would not amount to robbery ...
Electricity theft is most common in developing countries where power grids deliver inadequate and unreliable power. [1] The global cost of electricity theft was estimated at $96 billion every year. [2] Some punishments for the crime include fines and incarceration. The electricity losses caused by the theft are classified as non-technical losses.
In psychology, punishment is the reduction of a behavior via application of an unpleasant stimulus ("positive punishment") or removal of a pleasant stimulus ("negative punishment"). Extra chores or spanking are examples of positive punishment, while removing an offending student's recess or play privileges are examples of negative punishment.