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Commonly cited examples of multiple independent discovery are the 17th-century independent formulation of calculus by Isaac Newton, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and others, described by A. Rupert Hall; [3] the 18th-century discovery of oxygen by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Joseph Priestley, Antoine Lavoisier and others; and the theory of the evolution ...
Multiple discoveries in the history of science provide evidence for evolutionary models of science and technology, such as memetics (the study of self-replicating units of culture), evolutionary epistemology (which applies the concepts of biological evolution to study of the growth of human knowledge), and cultural selection theory (which studies sociological and cultural evolution in a ...
Diplopia is the simultaneous perception of two images of a single object that may be displaced in relation to each other. [1] Also called double vision, it is a loss of visual focus under regular conditions, and is often voluntary.
The distinction between simultaneous hermaphroditism and sequential hermaphroditism is not always clear. [3] But unlike sequential hermaphrodites, simultaneous hermaphrodites are both male and female at sexual maturity. Also sex determination does not apply to simultaneous hermaphrodites (except in species with mix mating systems). [4]
For example, slime molds have a vegetative, multinucleate life stage called a plasmodium. [ 1 ] Multinucleate cells, depending on the mechanism by which they are formed, can be divided into [ 2 ] [ 3 ] " syncytia " (formed by cell fusion ) or " coenocytes " (formed by nuclear division not being followed by cytokinesis ).
Other examples of protandrous animals include: The Platyctenida order of comb jellies. Unlike most ctenophores, which are simultaneous hermaphrodites, Platyctenida are primarily protandrous, but asexual reproduction has also been observed in some species. [21] The flatworms Hymanella retenuova. [22]
Furthermore, if the separation can be explained, for example viewing an object through a mirror, integration is re-established and can even be optimal. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Ernst (2008) suggests that adults can obtain this knowledge from previous experiences to quickly determine which sensory sources depict the same target, but young children could ...
If the lineages in the phylogenetic tree stand for species, a polytomy shows the simultaneous speciation of three or more species. [6] In particular situations, they may be common, for example when a species that has rapidly expanded its range or is highly panmictic undergoes peripatric speciation in different regions.