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  2. Methods of computing square roots - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_computing...

    A method analogous to piece-wise linear approximation but using only arithmetic instead of algebraic equations, uses the multiplication tables in reverse: the square root of a number between 1 and 100 is between 1 and 10, so if we know 25 is a perfect square (5 × 5), and 36 is a perfect square (6 × 6), then the square root of a number greater than or equal to 25 but less than 36, begins with ...

  3. Square root - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root

    The square root of a positive integer is the product of the roots of its prime factors, because the square root of a product is the product of the square roots of the factors. Since p 2 k = p k , {\textstyle {\sqrt {p^{2k}}}=p^{k},} only roots of those primes having an odd power in the factorization are necessary.

  4. List of number fields with class number one - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number_fields_with...

    All complex cubic fields with discriminant greater than −500 have class number one, except the fields with discriminants −283, −331 and −491 which have class number 2. The real root of the polynomial for −23 is the reciprocal of the plastic ratio (negated), while that for −31 is the reciprocal of the supergolden ratio .

  5. Elementary algebra - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_algebra

    All quadratic equations will have two solutions in the complex number system, but need not have any in the real number system. For example, + = has no real number solution since no real number squared equals −1. Sometimes a quadratic equation has a root of multiplicity 2, such as: (+) =

  6. Nested radical - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nested_radical

    In the case of two nested square roots, the following theorem completely solves the problem of denesting. [2]If a and c are rational numbers and c is not the square of a rational number, there are two rational numbers x and y such that + = if and only if is the square of a rational number d.

  7. Quadratic integer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_integer

    The solutions of the Pell's equation X 2 − DY 2 = 1, a Diophantine equation that has been widely studied, are the units of these rings, for D ≡ 2, 3 (mod 4). For D = 5, ω = ⁠ 1+ √ 5 / 2 ⁠ is the golden ratio. This ring was studied by Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet. Its units have the form ±ω n, where n is an arbitrary integer

  8. Pell number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell_number

    The sides of the squares used to construct a silver spiral are the Pell numbers. In mathematics, the Pell numbers are an infinite sequence of integers, known since ancient times, that comprise the denominators of the closest rational approximations to the square root of 2.

  9. Integer square root - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_square_root

    /// Performs a Karatsuba square root on a `u64`. pub fn u64_isqrt (mut n: u64)-> u64 {if n <= u32:: MAX as u64 {// If `n` fits in a `u32`, let the `u32` function handle it. return u32_isqrt (n as u32) as u64;} else {// The normalization shift satisfies the Karatsuba square root // algorithm precondition "a₃ ≥ b/4" where a₃ is the most ...