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The work-up for diagnosis is complex and the condition can be over-diagnosed. [1] [2] [better source needed] People diagnosed with warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (WAIHA) caused by immunoglobulin G (IgG) [3] may also have a high number of immunoglobulin M antibodies. These antibodies are active at room temperature, but are believed to be ...
Diagnostic method: Blood tests, blood smear, and Direct antiglobulin testing [4] Differential diagnosis: Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia. [4] Treatment: Stopping the offending drug, blood transfusions, and thromboprophylaxis. [4] Frequency: One to two people per million worldwide. [1]
Diagnosis is made by first ruling out other causes of hemolytic anemia, such as G6PD, thalassemia, sickle-cell disease. Clinical history is also important to elucidate any underlying illness or medications that may have led to the disease. [citation needed] Laboratory investigations are carried out to determine the etiology of the disease.
Traumatic hemolytic anemia [2]. Impact [2]; Macrovascular defects-prostheses [2]; Microvascular causes [2]. Disseminated intravascular hemolysis [2]; Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura [2]
The most common antibody isotype involved in warm antibody AIHA is IgG, though sometimes IgA is found. The IgG antibodies attach to a red blood cell, leaving their F C portion exposed with maximal reactivity at 37 °C (versus cold antibody induced hemolytic anemia whose antibodies only bind red blood cells at low body temperatures, typically 28–31 °C).
The diagnosis of hemolytic anemia can be suspected on the basis of a constellation of symptoms and is largely based on the presence of anemia, an increased proportion of immature red cells (reticulocytes) and a decrease in the level of haptoglobin, a protein that binds free hemoglobin.
Cold agglutinins develop in more than 60% of patients with infectious mononucleosis, but hemolytic anemia is rare. Classic chronic cold agglutinin disease is idiopathic, associated with symptoms and signs in relation to cold exposure.
Spherocytosis is the presence of spherocytes in the blood, i.e. erythrocytes (red blood cells) that are sphere-shaped rather than bi-concave disk shaped as normal.. Spherocytes are found in all hemolytic anemias to s