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Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), also known as ciguatera, is a foodborne illness caused by eating reef fish contaminated with ciguatoxins. [ 4 ] [ 2 ] Such individual fish are said to be ciguatoxic . Symptoms may include diarrhea , vomiting, numbness, itchiness, sensitivity to hot and cold, dizziness , and weakness.
Opening a sodium channel causes depolarization, which could sequentially cause paralysis, heart arrhythmia, and changing the senses of heat and cold. Such poisoning from ciguatoxins is known as ciguatera. Ciguatoxins are lipophilic, able to cross the blood–brain barrier, and can cause both central and peripheral neurologic symptoms.
Afterwards, carnivorous fish, which are targeted by fishing industries, move the toxins further up the food chain. Ciguatera is the most common form of seafood poisoning caused by harmful algal blooms in the world and its incidence and range appear to spread. Best estimates indicate that more than 50,000 people are globally affected every year.
Ciguatera is found in algae that grows on coral reefs in tropical and subtropical waters like those surrounding the Keys. Fish that feed off the reef ingest the toxin in their flesh, and it moves ...
Gambierdiscus toxicus is a species of photosynthetic unicellular eukaryote belonging to the Alveolata, part of the SAR supergroup.It is a dinoflagellate which can cause the foodborne illness ciguatera, [1] and is known to produce several natural polyethers including ciguatoxin, maitotoxin, gambieric acid, and gambierol.
Even though ciguatera causes major gastrointestinal issues, so far P-CTX-1 hasn't been proven to have a direct effect on digestive systems. Terao et al showed that no morphological alterations were observed in the mucosa or muscle layers of the small intestine, despite the severe diarrhoea commonly observed upon P-CTX-1 administration. [25]
Like many other apex reef fish, it is likely to cause ciguatera poisoning if eaten. [4] [5] Outbreaks of ciguatera poisoning in the 11th to 15th centuries from large, carnivorous reef fish, caused by harmful algal blooms, could be a reason why Polynesians migrated to Easter Island, New Zealand, and possibly Hawaii. [6] [7]
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a clinical syndrome caused by eating fish containing accumulated ciguatoxins (CTXs), marine biotoxins, due to feeding on toxic microalgae. Traditional endemic regions for ciguatoxic fish include areas in the Caribbean sea and the Pacific and Indians oceans, but autochthonous outbreaks have also been reported in ...