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Sexual coercion among animals is the use of violence, threats, harassment, and other tactics to help them forcefully copulate. [1] Such behavior has been compared to sexual assault, including rape, among humans. [2] In nature, males and females usually differ in reproductive fitness optima. [3]
Other animal activities may be misinterpreted due to the frequency and context in which animals perform the behaviour. For example, domestic ruminants display behaviours such as mounting and head-butting. This often occurs when the animals are establishing dominance relationships and are not necessarily sexually motivated.
In the polyandrous system, sexual coercion has been observed to be one of the major reasons for why females begin to mate with multiple males to outweigh the cost under different circumstances. [17] The sexual conflict hypothesis suggest that polyandry can occur due to sexual coercion [18] preventing females from obtaining any benefits. Sexual ...
Sexual dimorphism in immune function is a common pattern in vertebrates and also in a number of invertebrates. Most often, females are more 'immunocompetent' than males. This trait is not consistent among all animals, but differs depending on taxonomy, with the most female-biased immune systems being found in insects. [129]
In zoology, copulation is animal sexual behavior in which a male introduces sperm into the female's body, especially directly into her reproductive tract. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This is an aspect of mating . Many aquatic animals use external fertilization , whereas internal fertilization may have developed from a need to maintain gametes in a liquid ...
Such 'forced copulations' involve animals being approached and sexually penetrated while struggling or attempting to escape. Observations of forced sex in animals are uncontroversial; controversial are the interpretation of these observations and the extension of theories based on them to humans. "Thornhill introduces this theory by describing ...
Biology and sexual orientation; Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior, and a branch of zoology; cognitive ethology fuses cognitive science and classical ethology to observe animals under more-or-less natural conditions; Evolutionary biology; Homosexual behavior in animals § Birds; Innate bisexuality; Sexual selection
The biology of sexual orientation has been studied in detail in several animal model systems. In the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, the complete pathway of sexual differentiation of the brain and the behaviors it controls is well established in both males and females, providing a concise model of biologically controlled courtship. [42]