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Inequity aversion research on humans mostly occurs in the discipline of economics though it is also studied in sociology.. Research on inequity aversion began in 1978 when studies suggested that humans are sensitive to inequities in favor of as well as those against them, and that some people attempt overcompensation when they feel "guilty" or unhappy to have received an undeserved reward.
Sexual coercion among animals is the use of violence, threats, harassment, and other tactics to help them forcefully copulate. [1] Such behavior has been compared to sexual assault, including rape, among humans. [2] In nature, males and females usually differ in reproductive fitness optima. [3]
A term with a similar but distinct meaning is androphobia, which describes a fear, but not necessarily hatred, of men. [20] [better source needed] Anthropologist David D. Gilmore coined the term "viriphobia" in line with his view that misandry typically targets machismo, "the obnoxious manly pose", along with the oppressive male roles of patriarchy
The term transandrophobia is also used, which uses the suffix 'androphobia'. Another alternative term for this type of prejudice is anti-transmasculinity. Literature on the discrimination against transgender may thus use a variety of terminology to refer to the topic.
Other animal activities may be misinterpreted due to the frequency and context in which animals perform the behaviour. For example, domestic ruminants display behaviours such as mounting and head-butting. This often occurs when the animals are establishing dominance relationships and are not necessarily sexually motivated.
In the polyandrous system, sexual coercion has been observed to be one of the major reasons for why females begin to mate with multiple males to outweigh the cost under different circumstances. [17] The sexual conflict hypothesis suggest that polyandry can occur due to sexual coercion [18] preventing females from obtaining any benefits. Sexual ...
The earlier term for the discipline was "political economy", but since the late 19th century, it has commonly been called "economics". [22] The term is ultimately derived from Ancient Greek οἰκονομία (oikonomia) which is a term for the "way (nomos) to run a household (oikos)", or in other words the know-how of an οἰκονομικός (oikonomikos), or "household or homestead manager".