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Many people of reproductive age experience discomfort or mild mood changes prior to menstruation, but 5–8% experience severe premenstrual syndrome (PMS), causing significant distress or functional impairment. [3] Within this population of reproductive age, some will meet the criteria for PMDD. PMDD's exact cause is unknown.
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a disruptive set of emotional and physical symptoms that regularly occur in the one to two weeks before the start of each menstrual period. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Symptoms resolve around the time menstrual bleeding begins. [ 4 ]
Parental obesity refers to obesity of either parent during pregnancy. Maternal obesity has a significant impact on maternal metabolism and offspring development. [ 1 ] Insulin resistance , glucose homeostasis, fat oxidation and amino acid synthesis are all disrupted by maternal obesity and contribute to adverse outcomes. [ 1 ]
Death rate from obesity, 2019. Obesity is a risk factor for many chronic physical and mental illnesses.. The health effects of being overweight but not obese are controversial, with some studies showing that the mortality rate for individuals who are classified as overweight (BMI 25.0 to 29.9) may actually be lower than for those with an ideal weight (BMI 18.5 to 24.9). [1]
A companion 501(c)(6) organization, the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, was founded in 2008 and became operational in 2010. [2] The two organizations coexist, and member individuals automatically belong to both. [3]
Combined oral contraceptive pills can improve conditions such as dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, and acne, [105] reduce symptoms of endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome, and decrease the risk of anemia. [106] Use of oral contraceptives also reduces lifetime risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer. [107] [108] [109]
The IOM has recommended the ranges of weight gain to be 12.5–18 kg, 11.5–16 kg, 7-11.5 kg, and 5–9 kg respectively. That is, the smaller the BMI pre pregnancy, the more weight a woman is expected to gain during her pregnancy. [3]
The total recommended pregnancy weight gain depends on pre-pregnant body weight, and weight issues should be addressed before pregnancy. Since conditions during pregnancy will have long-term effects on adult health, "moderation" should be considered for both dietary and physical activity recommendations.