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In organic chemistry, hydroformylation, also known as oxo synthesis or oxo process, is an industrial process for the production of aldehydes (R−CH=O) from alkenes (R 2 C=CR 2). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This chemical reaction entails the net addition of a formyl group ( −CHO ) and a hydrogen atom to a carbon-carbon double bond .
In 1953 evidence was disclosed that it is the active catalyst for the conversion of alkenes, CO, and H 2 to aldehydes, a process known as hydroformylation (oxo reaction). [12] Although the use of cobalt-based hydroformylation has since been largely superseded by rhodium-based catalysts, the world output of C 3 –C 18 aldehydes produced by ...
The general mechanism for anionic ring-opening polymerization. Polarized functional group is represented by X-Y, where the atom X (usually a carbon atom) becomes electron deficient due to the highly electron-withdrawing nature of Y (usually an oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, etc.). The nucleophile will attack atom X, thus releasing Y −. The newly ...
Often cross-coupling reactions require metal catalysts. One important reaction type is this: R−M + R'−X → R−R' + MX (R, R' = organic fragments, usually aryl; M = main group center such as Li or MgX; X = halide) These reactions are used to form carbon–carbon bonds but also carbon-heteroatom bonds.
Also in the industrial process of (non-oxidative) dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene, the potassium-promoted iron oxide catalyst is coated with a carbon layer as the active phase. In another early example, [2] a variety of substituted nitrobenzenes were reduced to the corresponding aniline using hydrazine and graphite as the catalyst.
This metal carbonyl is used as a reagent and catalyst in organometallic chemistry and organic synthesis, and is central to much known organocobalt chemistry. [2] [3] It is the parent member of a family of hydroformylation catalysts. [4]
Ziegler–Natta catalysts of the third class, non-metallocene catalysts, use a variety of complexes of various metals, ranging from scandium to lanthanoid and actinoid metals, and a large variety of ligands containing oxygen (O 2), nitrogen (N 2), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S). The complexes are activated using MAO, as is done for metallocene ...
This process interconverts propylene with ethylene and 2-butenes. Rhenium and molybdenum catalysts are used. Nowadays, only the reverse reaction, i.e., the conversion of ethylene and 2-butene to propylene is industrially practiced, however. [6] Shell higher olefin process (SHOP) produces (alpha-olefins) for conversion to detergents. The process ...