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  2. Photoautotroph - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoautotroph

    These organisms perform photosynthesis through organelles called chloroplasts and are believed to have originated about 2 billion years ago. [1] Comparing the genes of chloroplast and cyanobacteria strongly suggests that chloroplasts evolved as a result of endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria that gradually lost the genes required to be free-living.

  3. Non-vascular plant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-vascular_plant

    Non-vascular plants are plants without a vascular system consisting of xylem and phloem. Instead, they may possess simpler tissues that have specialized functions for the internal transport of water. [citation needed] Non-vascular plants include two distantly related groups:

  4. Biological carbon fixation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_carbon_fixation

    Cyanobacteria such as these carry out photosynthesis.Their emergence foreshadowed the evolution of many photosynthetic plants and oxygenated Earth's atmosphere.. Biological carbon fixation, or сarbon assimilation, is the process by which living organisms convert inorganic carbon (particularly carbon dioxide, CO 2) to organic compounds.

  5. Fractionation of carbon isotopes in oxygenic photosynthesis

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractionation_of_carbon...

    In contrast, C3 plants directly perform the Calvin Cycle in mesophyll cells, without making use of a CO 2 concentration method. Malate, the four-carbon compound is the namesake of "C4" photosynthesis. This pathway allows C4 photosynthesis to efficiently shuttle CO 2 to the RuBisCO enzyme and maintain high concentrations of CO 2 within bundle ...

  6. Photophosphorylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophosphorylation

    This creates a H + gradient, making H + ions flow back into the stroma of the chloroplast, providing the energy for the (re)generation of ATP. [citation needed] The photosystem II complex replaced its lost electrons from H 2 O, so electrons are not returned to photosystem II as they would in the analogous cyclic pathway. Instead, they are ...

  7. Plant cell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_cell

    Structure of a plant cell. Plant cells are the cells present in green plants, photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae.Their distinctive features include primary cell walls containing cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin, the presence of plastids with the capability to perform photosynthesis and store starch, a large vacuole that regulates turgor pressure, the absence of flagella or ...

  8. Photosymbiosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosymbiosis

    The second, Sacoglossa, removes chloroplasts from macroalgae when feeding and sequesters them into their digestive tract at which point they are called kleptoplasts. [49] Whether these kleptoplasts maintain their photosynthetic capabilities depends on the host species ability to digest them properly. [ 50 ]

  9. Archaeplastida - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeplastida

    All archaeplastidans have plastids (chloroplasts) that carry out photosynthesis and are believed to be derived from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. In glaucophytes, perhaps the most primitive members of the group, the chloroplast is called a cyanelle and shares several features with cyanobacteria, including a peptidoglycan cell wall, that are not ...

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