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The steam locomotives are marshalled at the downhill (Mettupalayam) end of the train. The average gradient in this rack section is 1 in 24.5 (4.08%), with a maximum of 1 in 12 (8.33%). Between Coonoor (ONR) and Udagamandalam (UAM), the train is operated by a YDM4 diesel locomotive using conventional rail adhesion principles. [10] 1 in 12.5 (8%)
The allowable gradients may be based on the ruling gradient which is the maximum gradient over which a tonnage train can be hauled with one locomotive. In some countries, momentum gradient which is a steeper but shorter gradient may be allowed. This is usually when a track gradient connects to a leveled tangent track long enough and with no ...
Grade (slope) The grade (US) or gradient (UK) (also called stepth, slope, incline, mainfall, pitch or rise) of a physical feature, landform or constructed line refers to the tangent of the angle of that surface to the horizontal. It is a special case of the slope, where zero indicates horizontality. A larger number indicates higher or steeper ...
Rack railway. The Pilatus Railway is the steepest rack railway in the world, with a maximum gradient of 48% and an average gradient of 35%. A rack railway (also rack-and-pinion railway, cog railway, or cogwheel railway) is a steep grade railway with a toothed rack rail, usually between the running rails. The trains are fitted with one or more ...
The Pilatus Railway (‹See Tfd› German: Pilatusbahn, PB) is a mountain railway in Switzerland and the steepest rack railway in the world, with a maximum gradient of 48% and an average gradient of 35%. The line runs from Alpnachstad, on Lake Alpnach, to a terminus near the Esel summit of Pilatus at an elevation of 2,073 m (6,801 ft), which ...
Adhesion railway. Driving wheel of steam locomotive. An adhesion railway relies on adhesion traction to move the train, and is the most widespread and common type of railway in the world. Adhesion traction is the friction between the drive wheels and the steel rail. [ 1 ] Since the vast majority of railways are adhesion railways, the term ...
The line's maximum gradient is 5.5 percent, and 16.1 kilometers (10.0 mi) of the line's 20.20 kilometers (12.55 mi) have at least 2.8 percent gradient. The line has standard gauge and a minimum curve radius of 130 meters (430 ft), [ 1 ] and is the steepest standard-gauge railway in Europe. [ 2 ]
The line is 12.5 km (7.8 mi) long and has a rail gauge of 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 + 3 ⁄ 8 in). The first 5.5 km (3.4 mi) of the line is operated by conventional rail adhesion. The remainder of the line is operated as a rack railway, using the Abt system and with a maximum gradient of 15%. In total the line overcomes a height difference of 1,062 m ...