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The Peace of Westphalia (German: Westfälischer Friede, pronounced [vɛstˈfɛːlɪʃɐ ˈfʁiːdə] ⓘ) is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. They ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and brought peace to the Holy Roman Empire, closing a calamitous ...
Westphalian system. The Westphalian system, also known as Westphalian sovereignty, is a principle in international law that each state has exclusive sovereignty over its territory. The principle developed in Europe after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, based on the state theory of Jean Bodin and the natural law teachings of Hugo Grotius.
Location of the Kingdom of Westphalia within the Confederation of the Rhine in 1808. The Kingdom of Westphalia was created by Napoleon in 1807 by merging territories ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia in the Peace of Tilsit, among them the region of the Duchy of Magdeburg west of the Elbe river, the Brunswick-Lüneburg territories of Hanover and Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, and the Electorate of Hesse.
Christian of Brunswick. The Thirty Years' War, [ j ] from 1618 to 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. Fought primarily in Central Europe, an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died from the effects of battle, famine, or disease, while parts of Germany reported population declines of over 50%. [ 19 ]
The Peace of Münster was a treaty between the Lords States General of the Seven United Netherlands [ a ] and the Spanish Crown, the terms of which were agreed on 30 January 1648. [ 1 ] The treaty, negotiated in parallel to, but not part of, the Peace of Westphalia, is a key event in Dutch history, marking the formal recognition of the ...
The Eighty Years' War[ i ] or Dutch Revolt (Dutch: Nederlandse Opstand) (c. 1566/1568–1648) [ j ] was an armed conflict in the Habsburg Netherlands [ k ] between disparate groups of rebels and the Spanish government. The causes of the war included the Reformation, centralisation, excessive taxation, and the rights and privileges of the Dutch ...
Westphalia (/ wɛstˈfeɪliə /; German: Westfalen [vɛstˈfaːlən]; Low German: Westfalen [vεs (t)ˈfɔːln]) is a region of northwestern Germany and one of the three historic parts of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It has an area of 20,210 square kilometres (7,800 sq mi) and 7.9 million inhabitants.
7 January 1655. (1655-01-07) (aged 80) Rome, Papal States. Motto. Allevitæ sunt aquæ super terram ("The Waters are Lifted Above the Earth") Coat of arms. Other popes named Innocent. Pope Innocent X[a] (6 May 1574 – 7 January 1655), born Giovanni Battista Pamphilj (or Pamphili), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States ...