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The coracoclavicular ligament connects the clavicle to the coracoid process of the scapula. [1] It is not part of the acromioclavicular joint articulation, but is usually described with it, since it keeps the clavicle in contact with the acromion. It consists of two fasciculi, the trapezoid ligament in front, and the conoid ligament behind. [2]
There is a 2- to 3-fold increase in the coracoclavicular distance, causing such a severe displacement that the clavicle almost pierces the skin. [11] The humerus and scapula drop without having the clavicular strut to lift them, which manifests as a severely drooping shoulder. [ 11 ]
It may be damaged during a shoulder injury. [4] The attachment of the coracoacromial ligament may be moved from acromion to the end of the clavicle when reconstructing the acromioclavicular joint. [5] [6] This often fails. [5] It has lower strength than the coracoclavicular ligament. [6]
Modern variations of the procedure may use additional fixation methods to better stabilize the distal clavicle end as the original construction is rather weak compared to the unharmed shoulder. Even with these modifications, the modern surgeries do not match intact coracoclavicular ligament strength in cadaveric testing. [ 3 ]
However, imaging studies are unable to show cause of shoulder pain in diagnosing. For example, MRI imaging would show rotator cuff pathology and bursitis but is unable to specify the cause. [15] On physical exam, the physician may twist or elevate the patient's arm to test for reproducible pain (the Neer sign and Hawkins-Kennedy test).
The most important ligament involved in shoulder joint stability is the Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament. During abduction of the arm, the middle and inferior ligaments become taut while the superior ligament relaxes. The radius of curvature of the head of the humerus is greater superiorly than inferiorly, which further stretches these ligaments ...
Subacromial bursitis is a condition caused by inflammation of the bursa that separates the superior surface of the supraspinatus tendon (one of the four tendons of the rotator cuff) from the overlying coraco-acromial ligament, acromion, and coracoid (the acromial arch) and from the deep surface of the deltoid muscle. [1]
The coracoid process acts as an attachment and origin for a large number of muscles (attached muscles not labeled here). The coracoid process is a thick curved process attached by a broad base to the upper part of the neck of the scapula; [2] it runs at first upward and medially; then, becoming smaller, it changes its direction, and projects forward and laterally.