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Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), also known as primary or peripheral/gonadal hypogonadism or primary gonadal failure, is a condition which is characterized by hypogonadism which is due to an impaired response of the gonads to the gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), and in turn a lack of sex steroid production. [1]
Luteinizing hormone (LH, also known as luteinising hormone, [1] lutropin and sometimes lutrophin [2]) is a hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland. The production of LH is regulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. [ 3 ]
During the initial phase of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist therapy in individuals assigned male at birth, there is a notable phenomenon known as the "flare." This occurs when testosterone levels temporarily surge by approximately 50% within the first 1 to 2 weeks of therapy.
GnRH modulators affect the secretion of the gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which in turn affects the gonads, influencing their function and hence fertility as well as the production of sex steroids, including that of estradiol and progesterone in women and of testosterone in men.
Men and women exhibit different symptoms for hypergonadism. A few of the symptoms that men can experience are increased sex drive, early balding, excessive muscle mass, and acne. Women can have symptoms such as, increased growth of facial hair, deepened voice, coarse body hair, and an irregular menstrual cycle. [5]
[36] [41] Based on reports of 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency in males and the effectiveness of 5α-reductase inhibitors for hirsutism in women, reduced body and/or facial hair growth is a likely potential side effect of these drugs in men. [13] [16] There are far fewer studies evaluating the side effects of 5α-reductase inhibitors in women.
A 2014 review said there was some evidence men with certain comorbidities may be at risk of adverse effects including sleep apnoea, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. [29] Exogenous testosterone may also cause suppression of spermatogenesis , leading to, in some cases, infertility. [ 30 ]
Gonadorelin is the generic name of the drug and its INN Tooltip International Nonproprietary Name, BAN Tooltip British Approved Name, and JAN Tooltip Japanese Accepted Name, while gonadorelina is its DCIT Tooltip Denominazione Comune Italiana and gonadoréline is its DCF Tooltip Dénomination Commune Française.