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The Rhodesian Bush War, also known as the Rhodesian Civil War, Second Chimurenga as well as the Zimbabwe War of Independence, [13] was a civil conflict from July 1964 to December 1979 [n 1] in the unrecognised country of Rhodesia (later Zimbabwe-Rhodesia and now Zimbabwe).
Rhodesia (/ r oʊ ˈ d iː ʒ ə /, / r oʊ ˈ d iː ʃ ə /), [1] was a self-governing British Crown colony in southern Africa. Until 1964, the territory was known as Southern Rhodesia, and less than a year before the name change the colony formed a part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland and hosted its capital city, Salisbury.
A referendum on independence was held in Rhodesia on 5 November 1964. The question put to voters was, "Are you in favour of or against Rhodesia obtaining independence on the basis of the 1961 Constitution of Rhodesia?"
In 1964, growing white dissatisfaction with the ongoing negotiations played a major role in the ousting of Winston Field as Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia. Field was succeeded by Ian Smith , chairman of the conservative Rhodesian Front Party and an outspoken critic of any immediate transition to majority rule.
Ian Douglas Smith GCLM ID (8 April 1919 – 20 November 2007) was a Rhodesian politician, farmer, and fighter pilot who served as Prime Minister of Rhodesia (known as Southern Rhodesia until October 1964 and now known as Zimbabwe) from 1964 to 1979.
Watts, Carl. "'Moments of tension and drama': the Rhodesian problem at the Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Meetings, 1964–65." Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 8.1 (2007). Watts, C. "Killing Kith and Kin: The Viability of British Military Intervention in Rhodesia, 1964–65" Twentieth Century History, Vol. 16, No. 4 (2005), pp. 382 ...
Ian Smith replaced Winston Field as Southern Rhodesian Prime Minister in April 1964, and pledged to challenge Britain on independence. Smith, a farmer from the Midlands town of Selukwe who had been seriously wounded while serving in the British Royal Air Force during the Second World War, was Southern Rhodesia's first native-born Prime Minister.
The government placed Joshua Nkomo, leader and founder of the Zimbabwe African Peoples Union, under restriction on 16 April 1964. Northern Rhodesia gained its independence and Southern Rhodesia became the colony of Rhodesia on 24 October.