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A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. [1] [2] Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, [3] and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history.
A caliphate (Arabic: خِلَافَةْ, romanized: khilāfah) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph [1] [2] [3] (/ ˈ k æ l ɪ f, ˈ k eɪ-/; خَلِيفَةْ khalīfa [xæ'liːfæh], pronunciation ⓘ), a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim ...
902: Death of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mu'tadid; al-Muktafi becomes Caliph. Death of the Saffarid ruler Amr bin Laith. Fall of Taormina signals the completion of the Muslim conquest of Sicily. 903: Assassination of the Qarmatian ruler Abu-Sa'id Jannabi; accession of Abu Tahir al-Jannabi. 905: Abdallah bin Hamdan founds the Hamdanid rule in Mosul ...
Muhammad and the Rashidun Caliphs. 6th century CE (23 BH – 13 BH) The Umayyad Caliphate, the Abbasid Caliphate and its fragmentation, the Mamluk Sultanate, the Delhi Sultanate. 7th century CE (23 BH – 81 AH) 8th century CE (81 AH – 184 AH) 9th century CE (184 AH – 288 AH) 10th century CE (288 AH – 391 AH) 11th century CE (391 AH ...
Following his death in 632 CE, his immediate successors established the Rashidun Caliphate. [ citation needed ] After that Muslim dynasties rose; some of these dynasties established notable and prominent Muslim empires, such as the Umayyad Empire and later the Abbasid Empire , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Ottoman Empire centered around Anatolia , the Safavid ...
703: Ja'far al-Sadiq, the sixth Imam of Shia Islam, is born. 705: Death of caliph Abd al-Malik. Accession of Al-Walid I as Umayyad Caliph. 711: Conquest of Spain by Tariq ibn Ziyad and of Transoxiana by Qutayba ibn Muslim. 712: Conquest of Sindh by Muhammad ibn Qasim; 713: Ali ibn Husayn, the fourth Imam of Shia was poisoned and martyred.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 11 November 2024. Expansion of the Islamic state (622–750) For later military territorial expansion of Islamic states, see Spread of Islam. Early Muslim conquests Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 Expansion under the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661 Expansion under the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750 Date ...
613: Invitation of the close families of Muhammad to Islam; 613: Declaration at Mount Safa inviting the general public to Islam; 614: Birth of Aisha, Daughter of first caliph Abu Bakr and youngest wife of Muhammad. 614: Persecution of the Muslims by the Quraish. A party of Muslims migrates to Abyssinia. 615: Acceptance of Islam by Hamza and Umar