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The approximate average value cited, [1] 1.3608 ± 0.0005 kW/m 2, which is 81.65 kJ/m 2 per minute, is equivalent to approximately 1.951 calories per minute per square centimeter, or 1.951 langleys per minute. Solar output is nearly, but not quite, constant. Variations in total solar irradiance (TSI) were small and difficult to detect ...
It is measured facing (pointing at / parallel to) the incoming sunlight (i.e. the flux through a surface perpendicular to the incoming sunlight; other angles would not be TSI and be reduced by the dot product). [3] The solar constant is a conventional measure of mean TSI at a distance of one astronomical unit (AU).
Solar radiation pressure on objects near the Earth may be calculated using the Sun's irradiance at 1 AU, known as the solar constant, or G SC, whose value is set at 1361 W/m 2 as of 2011. [17] All stars have a spectral energy distribution that depends on their surface temperature. The distribution is approximately that of black-body radiation.
W⋅m −2 ⋅Hz −1: M⋅T −2: Irradiance of a surface per unit frequency or wavelength. This is sometimes also confusingly called "spectral intensity". Non-SI units of spectral flux density include jansky (1 Jy = 10 −26 W⋅m −2 ⋅Hz −1) and solar flux unit (1 sfu = 10 −22 W⋅m −2 ⋅Hz −1 = 10 4 Jy). E e,λ [nb 4] watt per ...
In geophysics, shortwave flux is a result of specular and diffuse reflection of incident shortwave radiation by the underlying surface. [3] This shortwave radiation, as solar radiation, can have a profound impact on certain biophysical processes of vegetation, such as canopy photosynthesis and land surface energy budgets, by being absorbed into the soil and canopies. [4]
The updated figure (right) shows the variations and contrasts solar cycles 14 and 24, a century apart, that are quite similar in all solar activity measures (in fact cycle 24 is slightly less active than cycle 14 on average), yet the global mean air surface temperature is more than 1 degree Celsius higher for cycle 24 than cycle 14, showing the ...
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At 1 AU, the wind exerts a pressure typically in the range of 1–6 nPa ((1–6) × 10 −9 N/m 2), [48] although it can readily vary outside that range. The ram pressure is a function of wind speed and density. The formula is