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  2. Linking number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linking_number

    The two curves of this (2, 8)-torus link have linking number four. In mathematics, the linking number is a numerical invariant that describes the linking of two closed curves in three-dimensional space. Intuitively, the linking number represents the number of times that each curve winds around the other.

  3. Parallel curve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_curve

    A parabola has as (two-sided) offsets rational curves of degree 6. A hyperbola or an ellipse has as (two-sided) offsets an algebraic curve of degree 8. A Bézier curve of degree n has as (two-sided) offsets algebraic curves of degree 4n − 2. In particular, a cubic Bézier curve has as (two-sided) offsets algebraic curves of degree 10.

  4. Intersection (geometry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(geometry)

    In geometry, an intersection is a point, line, or curve common to two or more objects (such as lines, curves, planes, and surfaces). The simplest case in Euclidean geometry is the line–line intersection between two distinct lines , which either is one point (sometimes called a vertex ) or does not exist (if the lines are parallel ).

  5. Parametric surface - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_surface

    The arc length of a curve on the surface and the surface area can be found ... This perspective helps one calculate the angle between two curves on S intersecting at ...

  6. Contact (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_(mathematics)

    Two curves in the plane intersecting at a point p are said to have: 0th-order contact if the curves have a simple crossing (not tangent). 1st-order contact if the two curves are tangent. 2nd-order contact if the curvatures of the curves are equal. Such curves are said to be osculating. 3rd-order contact if the derivatives of the curvature are ...

  7. Area - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area

    The area between two graphs can be evaluated by calculating the difference between the integrals of the two functions. The area between a positive-valued curve and the horizontal axis, measured between two values a and b (b is defined as the larger of the two values) on the horizontal axis, is given by the integral from a to b of the function ...

  8. Radius of curvature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius_of_curvature

    For a curve, it equals the radius of the circular arc which best approximates the curve at that point. For surfaces, the radius of curvature is the radius of a circle that best fits a normal section or combinations thereof. [1] [2] [3]

  9. Envelope (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envelope_(mathematics)

    Next we calculate E 2. The curve itself is the curve that is tangent to all of its own tangent lines. It follows that = {(,): =} . Finally we calculate E 3. Every point in the plane has at least one tangent line to γ passing through it, and so region filled by the tangent lines is the whole plane.