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Italy took the initiative in entering the war in spring 1915, despite strong popular and elite sentiment in favor of neutrality. Italy was a large, poor country whose political system was chaotic, its finances were heavily strained, and its army was very poorly prepared. [167] The Triple Alliance meant little either to Italians or Austrians.
The Norman victory marked the climax of the conflict between the Normans who began to migrate to southern Italy at the end of the tenth century and the local Lombard princes. The Duchy of Benevento ends. 1059: 23 Aug: The Treaty of Melfi is signed between Pope Nicholas II and the Norman princes Robert Guiscard and Richard I of Capua.
The Italian kingdoms thus fell, and Italy's Restoration period began, with many pre-Napoleonic sovereigns returned to their thrones. Piedmont, Genoa and Nice came to be united, as did Sardinia (which went on to create the State of Savoy), while Lombardy, Veneto, Istria and Dalmatia were re-annexed to Austria.
People have visited Italy for centuries, yet the first to visit the peninsula for tourism were aristocrats during the Grand Tour, which began in the 17th century, and flourished in the 18th and the 19th centuries. [311]
This is a timeline of the unification of Italy. 1849 – August 24: Venice falls to Austrian forces that have crushed the rebellion in Venetia 1858 – Meeting at Plombieres : Napoleon III and Cavour decide to stage a war with Austria, in return for Piedmont gaining Lombardy, Venetia, Parma and Modena, and France gaining Savoy and Nice.
These began with the 1494 invasion by France that wreaked widespread devastation on Northern Italy and ended the independence of many of the city-states. Most damaging was the 6 May 1527, Spanish and German troops' sacking Rome that for two decades all but ended the role of the Papacy as the largest patron of Renaissance art and architecture.
The history of Italy in the Middle Ages can be roughly defined as the time between the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and the Italian Renaissance. Late antiquity in Italy lingered on into the 7th century under the Ostrogothic Kingdom and the Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty, the Byzantine Papacy until the mid 8th century.
Italy celebrates the anniversary of the unification on 17 March (the date of proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy). Some of the states that had been envisaged as part of the unification process (terre irredente) did not join the Kingdom until after Italy defeated Austria-Hungary in World War I, culminating in the Treaty of Rapallo in 1920.