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The Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence's (HAI) Center for Research on Foundation Models (CRFM) coined the term "foundation model" in August 2021 [16] to mean "any model that is trained on broad data (generally using self-supervision at scale) that can be adapted (e.g., fine-tuned) to a wide range of downstream tasks". [17]
Building performance simulation has various sub-domains; most prominent are thermal simulation, lighting simulation, acoustical simulation and air flow simulation. Most building performance simulation is based on the use of bespoke simulation software. Building performance simulation itself is a field within the wider realm of scientific computing.
Once a building is finished, the model is sometimes featured in a common area of the building. Types of models include: Exterior models are models of buildings that usually include some landscaping or civic spaces around the building. Interior models are models showing interior space planning, finishes, colors, furniture, and beautification.
Multimodal models can either be trained from scratch, or by finetuning. A 2022 study found that Transformers pretrained only on natural language can be finetuned on only 0.03% of parameters and become competitive with LSTMs on a variety of logical and visual tasks, demonstrating transfer learning. [99]
Generative pretraining (GP) was a long-established concept in machine learning applications. [16] [17] It was originally used as a form of semi-supervised learning, as the model is trained first on an unlabelled dataset (pretraining step) by learning to generate datapoints in the dataset, and then it is trained to classify a labelled dataset.
Hierarchical temporal memory (HTM) models some of the structural and algorithmic properties of the neocortex. HTM is a biomimetic model based on memory-prediction theory. HTM is a method for discovering and inferring the high-level causes of observed input patterns and sequences, thus building an increasingly complex model of the world.
GPT-1 achieved a 5.8% and 1.5% improvement over previous best results [3] on natural language inference (also known as textual entailment) tasks, evaluating the ability to interpret pairs of sentences from various datasets and classify the relationship between them as "entailment", "contradiction" or "neutral". [3]
Some of the largest modern computer vision models are ViTs, such as one with 22B parameters. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] In 2024, a 113 billion-parameter ViT model was proposed (the largest ViT to date) for weather and climate prediction , and trained on the Frontier supercomputer with a throughput of 1.6 exaFLOPs .