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Type A: augmented pharmacological effects, which are dose-dependent and predictable [5]; Type A reactions, which constitute approximately 80% of adverse drug reactions, are usually a consequence of the drug's primary pharmacological effect (e.g., bleeding when using the anticoagulant warfarin) or a low therapeutic index of the drug (e.g., nausea from digoxin), and they are therefore predictable.
Researchers participating in a clinical trial must report all adverse events to the drug regulatory authority of the respective country where the drug or device is to be registered [e.g. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) if it is US]. Serious AEs must be reported immediately; minor AEs are 'bundled' by the sponsor and submitted later.
Drug-drug and food-drug interactions may occur, and so-called "natural drugs" used in alternative medicine can have dangerous adverse effects. For example, extracts of St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum), a phytotherapic used for treating mild depression are known to cause an increase in the cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for the ...
The black triangle also highlights the need for surveillance of any Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) that might arise from the use of a new medication. The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) encourage anyone to voluntarily report ADRs (however minor) via the Yellow Card Scheme to gather more information and gain more ...
A drug allergy is an allergy to a drug, most commonly a medication, and is a form of adverse drug reaction. Medical attention should be sought immediately if an allergic reaction is suspected. An allergic reaction will not occur on the first exposure to a substance.
One of the most prevalent forms of adverse drug reactions is cutaneous reactions, [1] with drug-induced urticaria ranking as the second most common type, preceded by drug-induced exanthems. [2] Urticaria, commonly known as hives , manifests as weals, itching, burning, redness, swelling, and angioedema —a rapid swelling of lower skin layers ...
Drug-drug interaction (DDI), an alteration of the action of a drug caused by the administration of other drugs; Paradoxical reaction, an effect of a substance opposite to what would usually be expected; Pharmacogenetics, the use of genetic information to determine which type of drugs will work best for a patient; Unintended consequences
Another drug is prescribed to treat the new condition, and an adverse drug side-effect occurs that is again mistakenly diagnosed as a new medical condition. Thus the patient is at risk of developing additional adverse effects. [1] The most frequent medical intervention performed by a doctor is the writing of a prescription.