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Koʻieʻie ("rapid current") is classified as a loko kuapa (walled pond), a type of fishpond that uses lava rock and coral walls (kuapa) to keep water circulating while a wooden sluice gate (makaha) allows small fish to enter the pond to feed, but prevents them from leaving after they grow too large to slip between the gate's gaps.
The geological term cinder is synonymous and interchangeable with scoria, though scoria is preferred in scientific literature. [ 2 ] [ 4 ] The word comes from Greek σκωρία, skōria , rust. In earlier terminology, scoria was usually defined with a size range, e.g. 2 to 24 mm (0.079 to 0.945 in) in diameter, but neither color nor ...
While basaltic andesites are volcanic rocks containing 53 to 57% silica, andesites are those containing 57 to 63% silica. The lava flows and scorias at the volcano closely resemble each other despite distinct chemical compositions, forming dark, fine-grained rocks, with a few visible crystals of the minerals olivine, plagioclase, and quartz. [4]
English: The Big Pine volcanic field and cinder cone — in the Owens Valley, with the Eastern Sierra in backround. Located near Big Pine and Fish Springs, in Inyo County , eastern California. Date
Artificial reefs to increase fish yields or for algaculture began no later than 17th-century Japan, when rubble and rocks were used to grow kelp. [17] The earliest recorded artificial reef in the United States is from the 1830s, when logs from huts were used off the coast of South Carolina to improve fishing. [ 18 ]
Medieval fish pond still in use today at Long Clawson, Leicestershire. Records of the use of fish ponds can be found from the early Middle Ages. "The idealized eighth-century estate of Charlemagne's capitulary de villis was to have artificial fishponds but two hundred years later, facilities for raising fish remained very rare, even on monastic estates.".
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Pumice is widely used to make lightweight concrete and insulative low-density cinder blocks. The air-filled vesicles in this porous rock serve as a good insulator. [ 18 ] A fine-grained version of pumice called pozzolan is used as an additive in cement and is mixed with lime to form a light-weight, smooth, plaster-like concrete.