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It was introduced by Arnold Sommerfeld in 1912 [1] and is closely related to the limiting absorption principle (1905) and the limiting amplitude principle (1948). The boundary condition established by the principle essentially chooses a solution of some wave equations which only radiates outwards from known sources.
The internal tidal energy in one tidal period going through an area perpendicular to the direction of propagation is called the energy flux and is measured in Watts/m. The energy flux at one point can be summed over depth- this is the depth-integrated energy flux and is measured in Watts/m.
For a 3-d plane wave = the derivation is exactly identical, as no change is made to the term including time and therefore the time derivative. Since the operator is linear , they are valid for any linear combination of plane waves, and so they can act on any wave function without affecting the properties of the wave function or operators.
A crest is a point on a surface wave where the displacement of the medium is at a maximum. A trough is the opposite of a crest, so the minimum or lowest point of the wave. When the crests and troughs of two sine waves of equal amplitude and frequency intersect or collide, while being in phase with each other, the result is called constructive ...
A standing wave is a field whose value can be expressed as the product of two functions, one depending only on position, the other only on time. A plane standing wave, in particular, can be expressed as (,) = () where is a function of one scalar parameter (the displacement =) with scalar or vector values, and is a scalar function of time.
If level 1 is the lower energy level with energy E 1, and level 2 is the upper energy level with energy E 2, then the frequency ν of the radiation radiated or absorbed will be determined by Bohr's frequency condition: [35] [36] =.
Energy supplied by a source at one end of such a line is transmitted through the line without being dissipated in the line itself. A transmission line of finite length (lossless or lossy) that is terminated at one end with an impedance equal to the characteristic impedance appears to the source like an infinitely long transmission line and ...
A monochromatic wave (a wave of a single frequency) consists of successive troughs and crests, and the distance between two adjacent crests or troughs is called the wavelength. Waves of the electromagnetic spectrum vary in size, from very long radio waves longer than a continent to very short gamma rays smaller than atom nuclei.