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A spar is a pole of wood, metal or lightweight materials such as carbon fibre used in the rigging of a sailing vessel to carry or support its sail. These include yards , booms , and masts , which serve both to deploy sail and resist compressive and bending forces, as well as the bowsprit and spinnaker pole .
Sail components include the features that define a sail's shape and function, plus its constituent parts from which it is manufactured. A sail may be classified in a variety of ways, including by its orientation to the vessel (e.g. fore-and-aft) and its shape, (e.g. (a)symmetrical, triangular, quadrilateral, etc.).
Fore-and-aft rigged sails include staysails, Bermuda rigged sails, gaff rigged sails, gaff sails, gunter rig, lateen sails, lug sails, tanja sails, the spanker sail on a square rig, and crab claw sails. Fore-and-aft rigs include: Rigs with one mast: the proa, the catboat, the sloop, the cutter; Rigs with two masts: the ketch, the yawl
Yardarm: an end of a yard spar below a sail. Waterline: where the water surface meets the ship's hull. Weather: side or direction from which wind blows (same as "windward"). [17] Windward: side or direction from which wind blows (opposite of "leeward"). [17]
To set the sail the clewlines and buntlines are let go, and the sheets (attached to the bottom corners, or clews, of the sail) are adjusted to shape the sail to best catch the wind. A device called a "tye", a "tye chain", or a "tye rope" is used for lifting a given yard to the top of its travel to set the sail.
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The sail was suspended from the upper spar ("yard"), while the lower spar functioned like a boom. [13] When set fore-and-aft, the spars extend forward of the mast by about a third of their lengths. When running before the wind, they are set perpendicular to the hull, similar to a square rig. [16]
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