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Sturm–Liouville theory is a theory of a special type of second-order linear ordinary differential equation. Their solutions are based on eigenvalues and corresponding eigenfunctions of linear operators defined via second-order homogeneous linear equations.
Solving Ordinary Differential Equations. I. Nonstiff Problems. Springer Series in Computational Mathematics. Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. ISBN 3-540-56670-8. MR 1227985. Ernst Hairer and Gerhard Wanner, Solving ordinary differential equations II: Stiff and differential-algebraic problems, second edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1996.
In mathematics, Abel's identity (also called Abel's formula [1] or Abel's differential equation identity) is an equation that expresses the Wronskian of two solutions of a homogeneous second-order linear ordinary differential equation in terms of a coefficient of the original differential equation.
Consider the general, homogeneous, second-order linear constant coefficient ordinary differential equation. (ODE) ″ + ′ + =, where ,, are real non-zero coefficients. . Two linearly independent solutions for this ODE can be straightforwardly found using characteristic equations except for the case when the discriminant, , vanish
A linear differential equation is homogeneous if it is a homogeneous linear equation in the unknown function and its derivatives. It follows that, if φ ( x ) is a solution, so is cφ ( x ) , for any (non-zero) constant c .
The differential equation is said to be in Sturm–Liouville form or self-adjoint form.All second-order linear homogenous ordinary differential equations can be recast in the form on the left-hand side of by multiplying both sides of the equation by an appropriate integrating factor (although the same is not true of second-order partial differential equations, or if y is a vector).
If u(x) and v(x) are two non-trivial continuous linearly independent solutions to a homogeneous second order linear differential equation with x 0 and x 1 being successive roots of u(x), then v(x) has exactly one root in the open interval (x 0, x 1). It is a special case of the Sturm-Picone comparison theorem.
To solve a matrix ODE according to the three steps detailed above, using simple matrices in the process, let us find, say, a function x and a function y both in terms of the single independent variable t, in the following homogeneous linear differential equation of the first order,