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A heat meter, thermal energy meter or energy meter is a device which measures thermal energy provided by a source or delivered to a sink, by measuring the flow rate of the heat transfer fluid and the change in its temperature between the outflow and return legs of the system.
A hybrid water heater is a water heating system that integrates technology traits from both the tank-type water heaters and the tankless water heaters. [6] It maintains water pressure and consistent supply of hot water across multiple hot water applications, and like its tankless cousins, it is efficient and can supply a continuous flow of hot ...
All new gas storage tank water heaters with capacities smaller than 55 US gal (210 L; 46 imp gal) sold in the United States in 2015 or later shall have an energy factor of at least 60% (for 50-US-gallon units, higher for smaller units), increased from the pre-2015 minimum standard of 58% energy factor for 50-US-gallon gas units. Electric ...
Radioisotope heater units for NASA missions have used plutonium-238 [3] as the isotope for heat sources, since the radioactive half-life of 87.7 years means that the decay of the isotope will not limit the mission lifetime. The isotope produces 0.57 watts of thermal power per gram of 238 Pu. [5]
: heat flux (W/m²); i.e., thermal power per unit area, = ˙ /: difference in temperature between the solid surface and surrounding fluid area (K) The heat transfer coefficient is the reciprocal of thermal insulance.
Much of significant work has been done during the last decades with the development of water-cooled nuclear reactors. Now many aspects of the phenomenon are well understood and several reliable prediction models are available for conditions of common interests. The use of the term critical heat flux (CHF) is inconsistent among authors. [3]
For example, a fossil-fuel power station only delivers 3-5 units of electrical energy for every 10 units of fuel energy released. [12] Even though the electric heater is 100% efficient, the amount of fuel needed to produce the heat is more than if the fuel were burned in a furnace or boiler at the building being heated.
Power compensation calorimetry is a variation of the heat flow technique. This method utilizes a cooling jacket operating at constant flow and temperature. The process temperature is regulated by adjusting the power of an electrical heater. At the start of the experiment, the electrical heat and cooling power are balanced.