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Every decision in the product development process affects cost: design is typically considered to account for 70–80% of the final cost of a project such as an engineering project [1] or the construction of a building. [2] In the public sector, cost reduction programs can be used where income is reduced or to reduce debt levels. [3]
Kaizen costing is a cost reduction system used a product's design has been completed and it is in production. [1] Business professor Yasuhiro Monden [2] defines kaizen costing as . The maintenance of present cost levels for products currently being manufactured via systematic efforts to achieve the desired cost level. [citation needed]
Target costing is defined as "a disciplined process for determining and achieving a full-stream cost at which a proposed product with specified functionality, performance, and quality must be produced in order to generate the desired profitability at the product’s anticipated selling price over a specified period of time in the future."
If the inputs are indivisible and complementary, a small scale may be subject to idle times or to the underutilization of the productive capacity of some sub-processes. A higher production scale can make the different production capacities compatible. The reduction in machinery idle times is crucial in the case of a high cost of machinery. [10]
Labor costs are defined by categories (e.g. service labor or manufacturing labor), the attribution of a labor rate for each category, and a certain number of labor hours. [1] Because of its identifiability, labor typically is one of the most common starting points of manipulation in the hope of cost reduction. [6]
An important part of standard cost accounting is a variance analysis, which breaks down the variation between actual cost and standard costs into various components (volume variation, material cost variation, labor cost variation, etc.) so managers can understand why costs were different from what was planned and take appropriate action to ...
Process costing systems assign costs to one or more production processes. Because all units are identical or very similar, average costs for each unit of product are calculated by dividing the process costs by the number of units produced. Many businesses produce products with some unique features and some common processes.
The same period, saw the rise of books and articles with similar concepts and methodologies but with alternative names, including cycle time management, [35] time-based competition, [36] quick-response manufacturing, [37] flow, [38] and pull-based production systems. [39] There is more to just-in-time than its usual manufacturing-centered ...