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Tobacco smoking during pregnancy causes many detrimental effects on health and reproduction, in addition to the general health effects of tobacco.A number of studies have shown that tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, and that it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the foetus.
One of the most prominent and well studied epigenetic consequences of cigarette smoke is altered DNA methylation. Cigarette smoke acts through a number of mechanisms to effect this, chief among these being smoke-induced damage to the DNA and altered expression levels of proteins involved in DNA methylation and transcriptional regulation.
Smoking has therefore been studied more extensively than any other form of tobacco consumption. [2] In 2000, smoking was practiced by 1.22 billion people, predicted to rise to 1.45 billion people in 2010 and 1.5 to 1.9 billion by 2025. If prevalence had decreased by 2% a year since 2000 this figure would have been 1.3 billion in 2010 and 2025 ...
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The 1980s began with the first Surgeon General's Report on the Health Consequences of Smoking for Women. [22] This report—published nearly 15 years after the original 1964 Surgeon General's Report [23] —came nearly sixty years after tobacco companies began marketing their products to women. The smoking rate of women in 1980 was at 29.3%.
The report's conclusions were almost entirely focused on the negative health effects of cigarette smoking. It found: cigarette smokers had a seventy percent increase in age-corrected mortality rate; cigarette smoke was the primary cause of chronic bronchitis; a correlation between smoking, emphysema, and heart disease. In addition, it reported:
Cotinine has an in vivo half-life of approximately 20 hours, and is typically detectable for several days (up to one week) after the use of tobacco. The level of cotinine in the blood, saliva, and urine is proportionate to the amount of exposure to tobacco smoke, so it is a valuable indicator of tobacco smoke exposure, including secondary (passive) smoke. [14]
Exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke causes many of the same health effects caused by active smoking, [1] [2] although at a lower prevalence due to the reduced concentration of smoke that enters the airway. According to a WHO report published in 2023, more than 1.3 million deaths are attributed to passive smoking worldwide every year. [3]