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Tobacco smoking during pregnancy causes many detrimental effects on health and reproduction, in addition to the general health effects of tobacco.A number of studies have shown that tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, and that it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the foetus.
Smoking has therefore been studied more extensively than any other form of tobacco consumption. [2] In 2000, smoking was practiced by 1.22 billion people, predicted to rise to 1.45 billion people in 2010 and 1.5 to 1.9 billion by 2025. If prevalence had decreased by 2% a year since 2000 this figure would have been 1.3 billion in 2010 and 2025 ...
One of the most prominent and well studied epigenetic consequences of cigarette smoke is altered DNA methylation. Cigarette smoke acts through a number of mechanisms to effect this, chief among these being smoke-induced damage to the DNA and altered expression levels of proteins involved in DNA methylation and transcriptional regulation.
Tobacco smoking during pregnancy can cause a wide range of behavioral, neurological, and physical difficulties. [112] Smoking during pregnancy causes twice the risk of premature rupture of membranes, placental abruption and placenta previa. [113] Smoking is associated with 30% higher odds of preterm birth. [114]
The 1980s began with the first Surgeon General's Report on the Health Consequences of Smoking for Women. [22] This report—published nearly 15 years after the original 1964 Surgeon General's Report [23] —came nearly sixty years after tobacco companies began marketing their products to women. The smoking rate of women in 1980 was at 29.3%.
Smoking during pregnancy is dangerous to the unborn baby and may cause pre-term birth, birth defects such as cleft lip or cleft palate, or miscarriage. [93] [80] Tobacco is the most commonly used substance among pregnant women, at 25%. [87] [94] Nicotine crosses the placenta and accumulates within fetal tissues.
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Severe complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium are present in 1.6% of mothers in the US, [6] and in 1.5% of mothers in Canada. [7] In the immediate postpartum period (puerperium), 87% to 94% of women report at least one health problem. [8] [9] Long-term health problems (persisting after six months postpartum) are reported by ...