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Adipose tissue (also known as body fat or simply fat) is a loose connective tissue composed mostly of adipocytes. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It also contains the stromal vascular fraction ( SVF ) of cells including preadipocytes , fibroblasts , vascular endothelial cells and a variety of immune cells such as adipose tissue macrophages .
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Production (FGF-21) has been documented as a pathway to longevity. [49] BAT activation through cold exposure up-regulates circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in humans by 37%. [45] FGF21 improves insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism [50] which may partially explain its longevity promoting benefits.
Growth factor is sometimes used interchangeably among scientists with the term cytokine. [3] Historically, cytokines were associated with hematopoietic (blood and lymph forming) cells and immune system cells (e.g., lymphocytes and tissue cells from spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes).
KLF15 levels in both humans and mice increase two to three times in response to exercise and control the ability of muscle tissue to burn fat and generate force. A deficiency of the KLF15 gene in mice was shown to prevent the efficient burning of fat and prevent mice from sustaining aerobic exercise. [9]
Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that secretes numerous protein hormones, including leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. [1] These hormones generally influence energy metabolism , which is of great interest to the understanding and treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity .
A typical fat cell is 0.1 mm in diameter [2] with some being twice that size, and others half that size. However, these numerical estimates of fat cell size depend largely on the measurement method and the location of the adipose tissue. [2] The fat stored is in a semi-liquid state, and is composed primarily of triglycerides, and cholesteryl ester.
In the body, stores of fat are referred to as adipose tissue. In these areas, intracellular triglycerides are stored in cytoplasmic lipid droplets. When lipase enzymes are phosphorylated, they can access lipid droplets and through multiple steps of hydrolysis, breakdown triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol. Each step of hydrolysis leads ...
Intentional weight loss is the loss of total body mass as a result of efforts to improve fitness and health, or to change appearance through slimming. Weight loss is the main treatment for obesity, [1] [2] [3] and there is substantial evidence this can prevent progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes with a 7–10% weight loss and manage cardiometabolic health for diabetic people with a ...