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Many of these plants are used intentionally as psychoactive drugs, for medicinal, religious, and/or recreational purposes. Some have been used ritually as entheogens for millennia. [1] [2] The plants are listed according to the specific psychoactive chemical substances they contain; many contain multiple known psychoactive compounds.
The Maya ritually administered alcohol enemas as an entheogen, sometimes adding other psychoactive substances, seeking to reach a state of ecstasy. Syringes of gourd and clay were used to inject the fluid. [94] Alcohol replaced peyote as Native Americans' psychoactive agent of choice in rituals when peyote was outlawed. [95] Balché: Alcohol ...
The secondary plant compounds from which psychoactive drugs are derived are a form of interspecies defense chemicals that evolved to deter and/or mitigate consumption of the plant soma by herbivores/insects. The compounds from which psychoactive drugs are derived evolved to punish herbivore consumption, not reward it. [15]
Many cacti are known to be psychoactive, containing phenethylamine alkaloids such as mescaline. [1] However, the two main ritualistic (folkloric) genera are Echinopsis, of which the most psychoactive species occur in the San Pedro cactus group (including Echinopsis pachanoi, syn. Trichocereus pachanoi, Echinopsis Peruviana, syn. Trichocereus peruvianus and Echinopsis lageniformis, syn ...
Psychoactive plants include, but are not limited to, the following examples: Cannabis: cannabinoids; Tobacco: nicotine, anabasine, and other Nicotinic agonists, as well as beta-carboline alkaloids
The MAOIs allow the primary psychoactive compound, DMT, which is introduced from the other common ingredient in ayahuasca Psychotria viridis, to be orally active. The stems contain 0.11–0.83% beta-carbolines, with harmine and tetrahydroharmine as the major components. [5] Alkaloids are present in all parts of the plant. [3]
Quararibea funebris has common names including huyu (), flor de cacao, madre de cacao, coco mama, swizzle stick tree, [1] cacahuaxochitl or cacaoxochitl, (Nahuatl = chocolate flower) [2] rosa de cacao, rosita de cacao, tepecacao, [3] funeral tree, flor de tejate and tejate.
Although other psychoactive plants are occasionally added to ayahuasca to achieve visionary states of consciousness, the recipes vary greatly and no single combination is common. Peganum harmala , normally consumed as a tea or used as an incense, is mentioned in classical Persian literature both as a sacred sacrament and as a medicine.