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The abdominal organs may be classified as solid organs or hollow organs. The solid organs are the liver, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and adrenal glands. The hollow organs of the abdomen are the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, bladder, and rectum. [6] In the thoracic cavity, the heart is a hollow, muscular organ. [7]
About 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. Only about 0.85% is composed of another five elements: potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium. All 11 are necessary for life.
Medical biophysics is a field closely related to physiology. It explains various aspects and systems of the body from a physical and mathematical perspective. Examples are fluid dynamics of blood flow, gas physics of respiration, radiation in diagnostics
The challenge in predicting protein structures is that there lacks a physical model that can fully predict protein tertiary structures from their amino acid sequence. This problem is known as the de novo protein structure prediction problem and is one of the great problems of modern science. [ 20 ]
The difficulty in purifying proteins impeded work by early protein biochemists. Proteins could be obtained in large quantities from blood, egg whites, and keratin, but individual proteins were unavailable. In the 1950s, the Armour Hot Dog Company purified 1 kg of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A and made it freely available to scientists. This ...
An organ system is a biological system consisting of a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions. [1] Each organ has a specialized role in an organism body, and is made up of distinct tissues .
Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. Homeostasis : regulation of the internal environment to maintain a constant state; for example, sweating to reduce temperature
Proteomics – Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins, particularly their structures and functions. [51] [52] Proteins are vital parts of living organisms, as they are the main components of the physiological metabolic pathways of cells. The proteome is the entire set of proteins, [53] produced or modified by an organism or system ...