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Some of these side effects include bleeding pattern changes, expulsion, pelvic inflammatory disease (especially in the first 21 days after insertion), and rarely uterine perforation. A small probability of pregnancy remains after IUD insertion, and when it occurs, there is a greater risk of ectopic pregnancy. [54]
However, patients who desire pregnancy after having undergone a female sterilization procedure have two options. Tubal reversal is a type of microsurgery to repair the fallopian tube after a tubal ligation procedure. Successful pregnancy rates after reversal surgery are 42-69%, depending on the sterilization technique that was used. [36]
IUI is an economic option for same-sex couples and can be done without the use of medication. [36] According to a study from 2021, lesbian women undergoing IUI had an average clinical pregnancy rate of 13.2% per cycle and 42.2% success rate giving the average number of cycles at 3.6. [37]
IUI success rates depend on elements like sperm quality, timing of the procedure and age of the people involved, Wright says. However, success rates are usually quoted between 5% and 15% per cycle.
The technique, first attempted by Steptoe and Edwards [1] and later pioneered by endocrinologist Ricardo Asch, allows fertilization to take place inside the woman's uterus. [2] With the advances in IVF the GIFT procedure is used less as pregnancy rates in IVF tend to be equal or better and do not require laparoscopy when the egg is put back. [3]
In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a process of fertilisation in which an egg is combined with sperm in vitro ("in glass"). The process involves monitoring and stimulating a woman's ovulatory process, then removing an ovum or ova (egg or eggs) from her ovaries and enabling a man's sperm to fertilise them in a culture medium in a laboratory.
Assisted reproductive technology procedures performed in the U.S. has over than doubled over the last 10 years, with 140,000 procedures in 2006, [30] resulting in 55,000 births. [30] In Australia, 3.1% of births in the late 2000's are a result of ART. [31]
Pregnancy: Although rare, if pregnancy does occur with the copper IUD in place there can be side effects. The risk of ectopic pregnancy to a woman using an IUD is lower than the risk of ectopic pregnancy to a woman using no form of birth control.
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