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2. Galilean transformation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_transformation

   Standard configuration of coordinate systems for Galilean transformations. Although the transformations are named for Galileo, it is the absolute time and space as conceived by Isaac Newton that provides their domain of definition. In essence, the Galilean transformations embody the intuitive notion of addition and subtraction of velocities as ...

3. Inertial frame of reference - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference

   Measurements of objects in one inertial frame can be converted to measurements in another by a simple transformation — the Galilean transformation in Newtonian physics or the Lorentz transformation (combined with a translation) in special relativity; these approximately match when the relative speed of the frames is low, but differ as it ...

4. Postulates of special relativity - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postulates_of_special...

   The numerical value of the parameter in these transformations can then be determined by experiment, just as the numerical values of the parameter pair c and the Vacuum permittivity are left to be determined by experiment even when using Einstein's original postulates. Experiment rules out the validity of the Galilean transformations.

5. Mathematical physics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_physics

   The Galilean transformation had been the mathematical process used to translate the positions in one reference frame to predictions of positions in another reference frame, all plotted on Cartesian coordinates, but this process was replaced by Lorentz transformation, modeled by the Dutch Hendrik Lorentz [1853–1928].

6. Galilean invariance - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_invariance

   Galilean invariance or Galilean relativity states that the laws of motion are the same in all inertial frames of reference. Galileo Galilei first described this principle in 1632 in his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems using the example of a ship travelling at constant velocity, without rocking, on a smooth sea; any observer below the deck would not be able to tell whether the ...

7. Equivalence principle - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_principle

   The equivalence principle is the hypothesis that the observed equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass is a consequence of nature. The weak form, known for centuries, relates to masses of any composition in free fall taking the same trajectories and landing at identical times.

8. Principle of relativity - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_relativity

   Using only the isotropy of space and the symmetry implied by the principle of special relativity, one can show that the space-time transformations between inertial frames are either Galilean or Lorentzian. Whether the transformation is actually Galilean or Lorentzian must be determined with physical experiments.

9. Gauge theory - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_theory

   The Standard Model is a non-abelian gauge theory with the symmetry group U(1) × SU(2) × SU(3) and has a total of twelve gauge bosons: the photon, three weak bosons and eight gluons. Gauge theories are also important in explaining gravitation in the theory of general relativity .