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One option is temperature control—i.e., keeping all cold water below 25 °C (77 °F) and all hot water above 51 °C (124 °F). [ 3 ] Temperature affects the survival of Legionella as follows: [ 3 ]
To minimize risks of bacterial growth, the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers' 1988 ASHRAE Standard 188 and subsequent ASHRAE Guideline 12-2000 increased recommended hot water generation and storage temperatures to 135–140 °F (57–60 °C) with minimum distribution temperatures of 124 °F (51 °C).
The temperature of tap water should not exceed 38–45 °C (100–113 °F) to prevent discomfort and scalding. [2] However, it is necessary to keep warm water at a temperature of 55–60 °C (131–140 °F) to inhibit the growth of legionella bacteria.
The storage of water at high temperature removes one possible breeding ground for Legionella; the use of a thermostat, rather than a static mixing valve, provides increased safety against scalding, and increased user comfort, because the hot-water temperature remains constant. [1] Many TMVs use a wax thermostat for regulation. They also shut ...
Sep. 6—Cheshire Medical Center has partially eradicated a potentially harmful bacteria from its hot-water system, where it was detected late last month, but certain areas require more testing to ...
Two conflicting safety issues affect water heater temperature—the risk of scalding from excessively hot water greater than 55 °C (131 °F), and the risk of incubating bacteria colonies, particularly Legionella, in water that is not hot enough to kill them. Both risks are potentially life-threatening and are balanced by setting the water ...
The agency found evidence of Legionella in the potable water systems of its American Star and American Heritage vessels following periodic inspections between December 2021 and and August 2022.
Several large outbreaks of Legionnaire's Disease have come from public hot tubs due to the temperature range of the water being ideal for the bacteria's growth. [46] [47] Legionnaires disease gained globally recognition after an outbreak in 1976 at a hotel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.