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Since the early 3rd century BC, the pilos helmet had become almost standard within the Spartan army, being in use by the Spartans until the end of the Classical era. [ citation needed ] Also, after the "Iphicratean reforms," peltasts became a much more common sight on the Greek battlefield, and themselves became more heavily armed.
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The viewer can tell that the Giants are hoplites because of the typical helmets, the round shield held in the left hand, and the spear in the right hand. One of the hoplite Giants is on the ground to due to his fight with Athena; the others are attacking Herakles from behind. [9] This work of art is an interesting take on the typical Gigantomachy.
While most of the plume is a restoration, fragments of a leg, foot, shield and helmet were also found nearby. [2] The sculpture was part of a group, probably affixed to the sanctuary pediment. According to several scholars, it formed part of the memorial on the Spartan acropolis to honor Leonidas on his reburial. [3]
The earliest standard hoplite helmet was the Corinthian helmet, developed around 600BC. [12] Later, this was replaced by the Phrygian helmet and Chalcidian helmet, which were lighter and did not impair the wearer's vision or hearing so severely. Helmets often had a horsehair crest, for decorative purposes and as an additional level of protection.
The design of helmets used varied through time. The Corinthian helmet was at first standardized and was a successful design. Later variants included the Chalcidian helmet, a lightened version of the Corinthian helmet, and the simple Pilos helmet worn by the later hoplites. Often the helmet was decorated with one, sometimes more horsehair crests ...
Some historians theorize that the pilos helmet had widespread adoption in some Greek cities such as Sparta, [19] [4] however, there is no primary historical source or any archeological evidence that would suggest that Sparta or any other Greek state would have used the helmet in a standardized fashion for their armies.
In August 480 BC, Leonidas marched out of Sparta to meet Xerxes' army at Thermopylae with a small force of 1,200 men (900 helots and 300 Spartan hoplites), where he was joined by forces from other Greek city-states, who put themselves under his command to form an army of 7,000 strong. There are various theories on why Leonidas was accompanied ...