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The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012, also known as the Reproductive Health Law or RH Law, and officially designated as Republic Act No. 10354, is a Philippine law that provides universal access to methods of contraception, fertility control, sexual education, and maternal care.
The addition of estrogen or hCG as adjunctives to progesterone do not appear to affect outcomes pregnancy rate and live birth rate in IVF. [1] In fact, luteal support with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) alone or as a supplement to progesterone has been associated with a higher risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). [ 2 ]
Progesterone is an endogenous steroid hormone synthesized by the placenta during pregnancy. Progesterone production is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis . The HPG axis regulates the release of both central and peripherally generated ovarian hormones.
The FDA first approved the oral contraceptive in 1960. The first oral contraceptive contained 100 to 175 μg of estrogen and 10 mg of progesterone. However, at these levels significant adverse effects were seen and modern preparations contain lower levels of 30 to 50 μg of estrogen and 0.3 to 1 mg of progesterone. [49]
Genitourinary Changes in Pregnancy. Progesterone causes many changes to the genitourinary system. A pregnant woman may experience an increase in the size of the kidneys and ureter due to the increase blood volume and vasculature. Later in pregnancy, the woman might develop physiological hydronephrosis and hydroureter, which are normal. [33]
Progesterone derivatives including medroxyprogesterone acetate, algestone acetophenide (dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide), hydroxyprogesterone caproate, and megestrol acetate are active themselves and are not prodrugs, whereas the testosterone derivative norethisterone enantate is a prodrug of norethisterone.
[1] [75] [76] [77] As a result, they increase the risk of VTE, especially during pregnancy when estrogen and progesterone levels are very high as well as during the postpartum period. [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ 78 ] Physiological levels of estrogen and/or progesterone may also influence risk of VTE—with late menopause (≥55 years) being associated with ...
Levonorgestrel is a progestogen; that is, an agonist of the progesterone receptor (PR), the main biological target of the progestogen sex hormone progesterone. [4] It has effects similar to those of the hormone progesterone. [7] As a contraceptive, it works primarily by preventing ovulation and closing off the cervix to prevent the passage of ...