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HER2 is a member of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER/EGFR/ERBB) family. But contrary to other members of the ERBB family, HER2 does not directly bind ligand. HER2 activation results from heterodimerization with another ERBB member or by homodimerization when HER2 concentration are high, for instance in cancer. [8]
These downstream signaling proteins initiate several signal transduction cascades, principally the MAPK, Akt and JNK pathways, leading to DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. [12] Such proteins modulate phenotypes such as cell migration, adhesion, and proliferation. Activation of the receptor is important for the innate immune response in ...
The Ras-Raf-MAPK pathway is a major signalling route for the ErbB family, as is the PI3-K/AKT pathway, both of which lead to increased cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. [ 25 ] Genetic Ras mutations are infrequent in breast cancer but Ras may be pathologically activated in breast cancer by overexpression of ErbB receptors. [ 26 ]
The human ERBB3 gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 12 (12q13). It is encoded by 23,651 base pairs and translates into 1342 amino acids. [5]During human development, ERBB3 is expressed in skin, bone, muscle, nervous system, heart, lungs, and intestinal epithelium. [6]
1950 13645 Ensembl ENSG00000138798 ENSMUSG00000028017 UniProt P01133 P01132 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001178130 NM_001178131 NM_001963 NM_001357021 NM_010113 NM_001310737 NM_001329594 RefSeq (protein) NP_001171601 NP_001171602 NP_001954 NP_001343950 NP_001297666 NP_001316523 NP_034243 Location (UCSC) Chr 4: 109.91 – 110.01 Mb Chr 3: 129.47 – 129.55 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View ...
De-regulation of the autocrine Wnt signaling pathway via mutations in APC and Axin have been linked to activation of various types of human cancer. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Genetic alterations that lead to de-regulation of the autocrine Wnt pathway result in transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and other pathways, in turn contributing ...
Luminal B (ER and/or PR positive; HER2 positive) HER2-enriched (ER/PR negative; HER2 positive) Basal like (triple negative). [6] Additionally, cancers can be ER-/PR+ or ER+/PR-, but these are unnamed and relatively rare. [7] The receptor status of a cancer is assessed for all breast cancers as it has important implications on prognosis of the ...
The second pathway is a result of ERK activation leading to the accumulation of active complexes of Cyclin D and Cdk4/6 which destabilize Rb via phosphorylation and further serve to activate E2F and promote expression of its targets.