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By the late 1800s, African American women were straightening their hair to meet a Eurocentric vision of society with the use of hot combs and other products improved by Madam C. J. Walker. However, the black pride movement of the 1960s and 1970s made the afro a popular hairstyle among African Americans and considered a symbol of resistance. [5]
Marjorie Joyner (née Stewart; October 24, 1896 – December 27, 1994) was an American businesswoman, hair care entrepreneur, philanthropist, educator, and activist.Joyner is noted for being the first African-American woman to create and patent a permanent hair-wave machine. [2]
In 1954, at the encouragement of co-worker, Johnson left the Fuller company and founded Johnson Products with his wife Joan, [8] focusing on the African American male hair care market. Johnson borrowed $250 from a bank and another $250 from a friend to finance the venture. [5] The company's first product was Ultra Wave, a hair relaxer for men.
This list of African-American inventors and scientists documents many of the African Americans who have invented a multitude of items or made discoveries in the course of their lives. These have ranged from practical everyday devices to applications and scientific discoveries in diverse fields, including physics, biology, math, and medicine.
The natural hair movement is a movement which aims to encourage people of African descent to embrace their natural, afro-textured hair; especially in the workplace. It originated in the United States during the 1960s, and resurged in popularity in the 2000s .
[1] [3] By the 1960s had an estimated 80 percent of the black hair-care market and annual sales of $12.6 million by 1970. [1] In 1971, JPC went public and was the first African American owned company to trade on the American Stock Exchange. [1] [5] The company's most well-known product was Afro Sheen for natural hair when afros became popular.
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