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The effect(s) of such misclassification can vary from an overestimation to an underestimation of the true value. [4] Statisticians have developed methods to adjust for this type of bias, which may assist somewhat in compensating for this problem when known and when it is quantifiable. [5]
In epidemiological research, recall bias is a ... misclassification of various types of exposure. [2] Recall bias is of particular concern in retrospective studies ...
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Yet studies that directly measure ETS exposure represent a higher order of evidence than epidemiologic studies, avoiding the pitfalls of examining the association between an exposure proxy and a ...
Information bias (epidemiology), bias arising in a clinical study because of misclassification of the level of exposure to the agent or factor being assessed and/or misclassification of the disease or other outcome itself. Information bias (psychology), a type of cognitive bias, involving e.g. distorted evaluation of information.
The findings from the epidemiological studies on the non-specific effects of vaccines pose a challenge to the current understanding of vaccines, and how they affect the immune system, and also question whether boys and girls have identical immune systems and should receive the same treatment. The mechanisms for these effects are unclear.
Donna Spiegelman is a biostatistician and epidemiologist who works at the interface between the two fields as a methodologist, applying statistical solutions to address potential biases in epidemiologic studies.
Detection bias occurs when a phenomenon is more likely to be observed for a particular set of study subjects. For instance, the syndemic involving obesity and diabetes may mean doctors are more likely to look for diabetes in obese patients than in thinner patients, leading to an inflation in diabetes among obese patients because of skewed detection efforts.