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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), sometimes referred to as necine bases, are a group of naturally occurring alkaloids based on the structure of pyrrolizidine. Their use dates back centuries and is intertwined with the discovery, understanding, and eventual recognition of their toxicity on humans and animals.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis is a disease caused by chronic poisoning found in humans and other animals caused by ingesting poisonous plants which contain the natural chemical compounds known as pyrrolizidine alkaloids. [1] Pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis can result in damage to the liver, kidneys, heart, brain, smooth muscles, lungs, DNA, lesions all ...
Starting in the mid-twentieth century researchers investigated various members of Arctiidae, and how these insects sequester pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) during their life stages, and use these chemicals as adults for pheromones or pheromone precursors. PAs are also used by members of the Arctiidae for defense against predators throughout the ...
Pyrrolizidine is a heterocyclic organic compound. Formally, it is a saturated derivative of pyrrolizine . Pyrrolizidine forms the central chemical structure of a variety of alkaloids known collectively as pyrrolizidine alkaloids . [ 1 ]
Riddelliine is isolated from plants grown in the western United States and is a prototype of genotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Human exposure to PAs occurs through consumption of herbal dietary supplements, including comfrey, and through contaminated livestock products (e.g., milk). [10]
Amabiline is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid first isolated in 1967 from Cynoglossum amabile. [1] It is also found in the seeds and flowers of borage (Borago officinalis) [2] and in borage seed oil. [3] [4] Chemically, it is the ester derived from viridifloric acid and supinidine. [5]
Pages in category "Pyrrolizidine alkaloids" The following 12 pages are in this category, out of 12 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. ...
The pyrrolizidine alkaloids are mutagenic in vivo and in vitro and, therefore, responsible for the carcinogenesis prominently in the liver. [4] Comfrey is an example of a plant species that contains fourteen different PAs.