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It has been estimated that 3% of the world's flowering plants contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids. [4] Honey can contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids, [5] [6] as can grains, milk, offal and eggs. [7] To date (2011), there is no international regulation of PAs in food, unlike those for herbs and medicines. [8]
Pyrrolizidine is a heterocyclic organic compound. Formally, it is a saturated derivative of pyrrolizine . Pyrrolizidine forms the central chemical structure of a variety of alkaloids known collectively as pyrrolizidine alkaloids . [ 1 ]
Pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis poisoning in the United States has remained moderately rare among humans. The most common reports are the outcome of the misuse of medicinal home remedies, or the alkaloids are present in food and drink substances such as milk and honey when the animal carriers were exposed to the toxins.
Amabiline is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid first isolated in 1967 from Cynoglossum amabile. [1] It is also found in the seeds and flowers of borage (Borago officinalis) [2] and in borage seed oil. [3] [4] Chemically, it is the ester derived from viridifloric acid and supinidine. [5]
Pages in category "Pyrrolizidine alkaloids" The following 12 pages are in this category, out of 12 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. ...
Riddelliine is a naturally occurring pyrrolizidine alkaloid, a class of compounds occurring in rangeland plants of the genera Crotalaria, Amsinckia, and Senecio. [5] It consists of a macrocyclic diester of retronecine (an unsaturated alcohol) and riddelliic acid (an oxygenated, branched, dicarboxylic acid). [5]
Like other pyrrolizidine alkaloids, senecionine is toxic when ingested. The ingested molecule is a protoxin that is metabolized to its active form. [3] In large quantities, ingestion can lead to critical illness, including convulsions and death. Studies in rodents have shown an LD 50 of 65 mg/kg. [4]
Retronecine is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid found in a variety of plants in the genera Senecio and Crotalaria, and the family Boraginaceae. It is the most common central core for other pyrrolizidine alkaloids. [1]