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Psychological and sociological effects of space flight are important to understanding how to successfully achieve the goals of long-duration expeditionary missions. Although robotic spacecraft have landed on Mars , plans have also been discussed for a human expedition , perhaps in the 2030s, [ 1 ] for a return mission.
Selection, training, cohesion and psychosocial adaptation influence performance and, as such, are relevant factors to consider while preparing for costly, long-duration [clarification needed] spaceflight missions in which the performance objectives will be demanding, endurance will be tested and success will be critical.
MARS-500 was intended to study the psychological, physiological, and technological challenges inherent to long-duration space flight. Among other hurdles to overcome, the experiment examined the physiological effects of long-term weightlessness, the effectiveness of resource management, and the effects of isolation in a hermetically sealed environment.
The amount of time spent in space is considered a key factor in the health effects, with greater concern over long-duration missions. "The longer the duration in space, the greater the increase in ...
LunAres Research Station is a specialized analog research facility located in Piła, Poland, dedicated to isolation studies and simulating the planetary operations of a surface space habitat [18]. Established in 2017 serves as a testbed for scientific research and technological development related to long-duration space missions.
Space psychology refers to applying psychology to advise human spaceflight.This includes applying industrial and organizational psychology to team selection, individual and team mental preparation, team training, and ongoing psychological support, [1] and applying human factors and ergonomics to the construction of spacecraft to ensure sufficient habitability.
Space engineers helped design heart pumps now used to keep people in need of heart transplant alive until a donor heart becomes available. [28] Discoveries concerning the human body and space, particularly the effects on the development of bones, may provide further understanding of biomineralization and the process of gene transcription. [29]
Bioastronautics is a specialty area of biological and astronautical research which encompasses numerous aspects of biological, behavioral, and medical concern governing humans and other living organisms in outer space; and includes the design of space vehicle payloads, space habitats, and life-support systems.